San Francisco de Paula, Science Department.
  • Department Home page
    • The International Baccalaureate
    • Conceptual learning
    • How will I be assessed?
    • Primary Science Club
    • Science Activities Noticeboard
  • MYP Year 6
    • Yr 6 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1: Introduction to investigation >
        • How to write Lab Reports
      • Unit 2: Living things
      • Unit 3: Classification of living things
      • Unit 4: Fungi, Protists and Bacteria
      • Unit 5: Nutrition I
    • Laboratory and Tasks
  • MYP Year 7
    • Yr 7 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • 7º PAI en español
      • Unit 1 - What do scientists do? >
        • How to write a lab report
        • SI Units
      • Unit 2 - The Earth in the Universe
      • Unit 3: How can we study living things >
        • Unit 3a - Living things
        • Unit 3b - The Diversity of Life >
          • Monera
          • Protists
          • Fungi
          • The Plant Kingdom
          • The Animal Kingdom
      • Unit 4 - Ecosystems & Biodiversity
      • Unit 5: The systems of the Earth >
        • Unit 5a - The Geosphere and the Atmosphere
        • Unit 5b - The hydrosphere and the Biosphere
      • Unit 6: Our changing home >
        • Unit 6a: Internal Geodynamics
        • Unit 6b: External Geodynamics
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 8
    • Yr8 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Units 1, 2 and 3 - Measuring Matters >
        • Unit 1 Physical quantities and Scientific Activity >
          • Converting Units
        • Unit 2 Matter and its Properties
        • Unit 3 Pure Substances and Mixtures >
          • Concentration and units (g/L, % mass)
      • Units 4 and 5 - Chemical Cooking >
        • Models of the Atom
        • Electronic structure of matter.
        • Periodic table (distribution of elements).
        • Chemical formulation
        • Molecular mass
        • Moles
        • Types of reactions
        • Lavoisier's law: Balancing of equations
        • Reaction rates: Factors that affect the speed of a reaction
      • Units 6, 7 and 8 - Move It! >
        • Unit 6 - Motion (URM)
        • Unit 6 - Motion (UARM)
        • Unit 7 - Forces and Mass
        • Unit 8 - Energy and Transformations
    • Laboratory & Tasks >
      • How to write a lab report
  • MYP Year 9
    • Yr9 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1 - General organization of the human body, health and illness >
        • Human cells: levels of organisation
        • Health and types of diseases
        • Preventing diseases
        • The Immune System
        • Transplants
        • Addictive substances and associated substances
        • Complete Unit 1
      • Unit 2 - Nutrition >
        • Nutrition and nutrients
        • The Mediterranean diet
        • The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system >
          • Revision quizzes
        • The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the excretory system
        • Nutrition Documentaries
      • Unit 3 - Interaction and Coordination >
        • The function and anatomy of the nervous system
        • The endocrine system
      • Unit 4 - The reproductive system >
        • Anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
        • Gametogenesis
        • Menstrual cycle
        • Fertilization
        • Infertility, contraception and STDs
      • Unit 5 - Genetics >
        • DNA and genetic modification
        • Cells and Inheritance
        • MORE ON MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
        • Mendelian genetics
      • Unit 6 - Evolution >
        • Evolutionary theories
        • Evolution Simulators
      • EXTRA Unit 7 - Ecology and the environment >
        • Ecology
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 10
    • Yr10 Syllabus
    • Contents >
      • Unit 0 - Formulation
      • Unit 1 - Scientific Activity
      • Unit 2 - Kinetic theory
      • The Atmosphere
      • Unit 3 - Mixtures and pures substances: Colligative properties
      • Unit 4 - The structure of matter
      • Unit 5 - Stoichiometry
      • Unit 6 - Redox Reactions
      • Unit 7 - Movement
      • Unit 8 - Forces
      • Unit 9 - Electricity
      • Unit 10 - Energy
    • Revision
    • Assessments and Lab Sessionss >
      • Assessments >
        • Criterion D - Water crisis
      • Session 1 - Paper balls
      • Sessions 2 - Properties of substances
      • Session 3 - Preparing a Schlenk tube
      • Session 4 - Gas constant
      • Session 5 - Colligative properties
      • Session 6 - Job´s method
      • Session 7 - Redox titration
      • Session 8 - UARM
      • Session 9 - Hooke´s Law
    • PISA questions
  • DP Biology SL
    • Contents >
      • Topic 1: Cell biology >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
        • 1.3 Membrane structure
        • 1.4 Membrane transport
        • 1.5 The origin of cells
        • 1.6 Cell division
      • Topic 2: Molecular biology >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
        • 2.8 Cell respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy flow
        • 4.3 Carbon cycling
        • 4.4 Climate change
      • C: Ecology and conservation >
        • C.1 Species and communities
        • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
        • C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
        • C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
      • Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural selection
        • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
    • Labs >
      • Statistical analysis
    • Previous to 2015 >
      • Topic 1: Statistical analysis
      • Topic 2: Cells >
        • 2.1 Cell theory
        • 2.2 Prokaryotic cells
        • 2.3 Eukaryotic cells
        • 2.4 Membranes
        • 2.5 Cell division
      • Option F: Microbes and biotechnology >
        • F1 Diversity of microbes
        • F2 Microbes and the environment
        • F3 Microbes and biotechnology
        • F4 Microbes and food production
      • Topic 5: Ecology and evolution >
        • 5.1 Communities and ecosystems
        • 5.2 The greenhouse effect
        • 5.3 Populations
        • 5.4 Evolution
        • 5.5 Classification
      • Option D: Evolution >
        • D1 Origin of life on Earth
        • D2 Species and speciation
        • D3 Human evolution
      • Topic 3: The chemistry of life >
        • 3.1 Chemical elements and water
        • 3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
        • 3.3 DNA structure
        • 3.4 DNA replication
        • 3.5 Transcription and translation
        • 3.6 Enzymes
        • 3.7 Cell respiration
        • 3.8 Photosynthesis
        • TO DELETE
      • Topic 4: Genetics >
        • 4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations
        • 4.2 Meiosis
        • 4.3 Theoretical genetics
        • 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology
      • Topic 6: Human health and physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion
        • 6.2 The transport system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis
        • 6.6 Reproduction
    • Tasks >
      • Databases
    • Documents
    • DP Biology Resources
    • Interesting links
  • Biología 12º
    • Bloque 1. Bioquímica
    • Bloque 2. Biología celular
    • Bloque 3. Genética y evolución
    • Bloque 4. Microbiología y biotecnología
    • Bloque 5. Inmunología
  • IB Biología NS
  • IB Chemistry HL
    • Contents >
      • Year 1 >
        • Topic 0 - Formulation
        • Topic 1 - Stoichiometric relationships
        • Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic structure
        • Topic 3 and 13 - Periodicity
        • Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical structure and bonding
        • Topic 5 and 15 - Energetics
        • Topic 10 and 20 - Organic chemistry
      • Year 2 >
        • Topic 6 and 16 - Chemical kinetics
        • Topic 7 and 17 - Equilibrium
        • Topic 8 and 18 - Acids and bases
        • Topic 9 and 19 - Redox processes
        • Topic 11 and 21 - Measurement and data processing
        • Option D - Medicinal chemistry
    • Lab work >
      • SFP Campus lab reports
      • Internal assessment structure
      • Internal Assessment examples
    • Nature of science
    • General revision
    • Selectividad
    • General information
    • Extended Essay
  • Other resources for students
    • Science Fair
    • Science essays >
      • How to Reference
    • Chemical formulation
    • Laboratory >
      • How to write a lab report
      • Microscopy
      • Excel for graphs and calculations >
        • Calculate the mean and SD
        • Drawing graphs
        • Add error bars to excel graphs
      • Lab videos!
    • Further Reading >
      • Women In Science
      • Infographics
    • Proyecto integrado
  • Department Home page
    • The International Baccalaureate
    • Conceptual learning
    • How will I be assessed?
    • Primary Science Club
    • Science Activities Noticeboard
  • MYP Year 6
    • Yr 6 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1: Introduction to investigation >
        • How to write Lab Reports
      • Unit 2: Living things
      • Unit 3: Classification of living things
      • Unit 4: Fungi, Protists and Bacteria
      • Unit 5: Nutrition I
    • Laboratory and Tasks
  • MYP Year 7
    • Yr 7 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • 7º PAI en español
      • Unit 1 - What do scientists do? >
        • How to write a lab report
        • SI Units
      • Unit 2 - The Earth in the Universe
      • Unit 3: How can we study living things >
        • Unit 3a - Living things
        • Unit 3b - The Diversity of Life >
          • Monera
          • Protists
          • Fungi
          • The Plant Kingdom
          • The Animal Kingdom
      • Unit 4 - Ecosystems & Biodiversity
      • Unit 5: The systems of the Earth >
        • Unit 5a - The Geosphere and the Atmosphere
        • Unit 5b - The hydrosphere and the Biosphere
      • Unit 6: Our changing home >
        • Unit 6a: Internal Geodynamics
        • Unit 6b: External Geodynamics
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 8
    • Yr8 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Units 1, 2 and 3 - Measuring Matters >
        • Unit 1 Physical quantities and Scientific Activity >
          • Converting Units
        • Unit 2 Matter and its Properties
        • Unit 3 Pure Substances and Mixtures >
          • Concentration and units (g/L, % mass)
      • Units 4 and 5 - Chemical Cooking >
        • Models of the Atom
        • Electronic structure of matter.
        • Periodic table (distribution of elements).
        • Chemical formulation
        • Molecular mass
        • Moles
        • Types of reactions
        • Lavoisier's law: Balancing of equations
        • Reaction rates: Factors that affect the speed of a reaction
      • Units 6, 7 and 8 - Move It! >
        • Unit 6 - Motion (URM)
        • Unit 6 - Motion (UARM)
        • Unit 7 - Forces and Mass
        • Unit 8 - Energy and Transformations
    • Laboratory & Tasks >
      • How to write a lab report
  • MYP Year 9
    • Yr9 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1 - General organization of the human body, health and illness >
        • Human cells: levels of organisation
        • Health and types of diseases
        • Preventing diseases
        • The Immune System
        • Transplants
        • Addictive substances and associated substances
        • Complete Unit 1
      • Unit 2 - Nutrition >
        • Nutrition and nutrients
        • The Mediterranean diet
        • The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system >
          • Revision quizzes
        • The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the excretory system
        • Nutrition Documentaries
      • Unit 3 - Interaction and Coordination >
        • The function and anatomy of the nervous system
        • The endocrine system
      • Unit 4 - The reproductive system >
        • Anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
        • Gametogenesis
        • Menstrual cycle
        • Fertilization
        • Infertility, contraception and STDs
      • Unit 5 - Genetics >
        • DNA and genetic modification
        • Cells and Inheritance
        • MORE ON MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
        • Mendelian genetics
      • Unit 6 - Evolution >
        • Evolutionary theories
        • Evolution Simulators
      • EXTRA Unit 7 - Ecology and the environment >
        • Ecology
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 10
    • Yr10 Syllabus
    • Contents >
      • Unit 0 - Formulation
      • Unit 1 - Scientific Activity
      • Unit 2 - Kinetic theory
      • The Atmosphere
      • Unit 3 - Mixtures and pures substances: Colligative properties
      • Unit 4 - The structure of matter
      • Unit 5 - Stoichiometry
      • Unit 6 - Redox Reactions
      • Unit 7 - Movement
      • Unit 8 - Forces
      • Unit 9 - Electricity
      • Unit 10 - Energy
    • Revision
    • Assessments and Lab Sessionss >
      • Assessments >
        • Criterion D - Water crisis
      • Session 1 - Paper balls
      • Sessions 2 - Properties of substances
      • Session 3 - Preparing a Schlenk tube
      • Session 4 - Gas constant
      • Session 5 - Colligative properties
      • Session 6 - Job´s method
      • Session 7 - Redox titration
      • Session 8 - UARM
      • Session 9 - Hooke´s Law
    • PISA questions
  • DP Biology SL
    • Contents >
      • Topic 1: Cell biology >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
        • 1.3 Membrane structure
        • 1.4 Membrane transport
        • 1.5 The origin of cells
        • 1.6 Cell division
      • Topic 2: Molecular biology >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
        • 2.8 Cell respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy flow
        • 4.3 Carbon cycling
        • 4.4 Climate change
      • C: Ecology and conservation >
        • C.1 Species and communities
        • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
        • C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
        • C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
      • Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural selection
        • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
    • Labs >
      • Statistical analysis
    • Previous to 2015 >
      • Topic 1: Statistical analysis
      • Topic 2: Cells >
        • 2.1 Cell theory
        • 2.2 Prokaryotic cells
        • 2.3 Eukaryotic cells
        • 2.4 Membranes
        • 2.5 Cell division
      • Option F: Microbes and biotechnology >
        • F1 Diversity of microbes
        • F2 Microbes and the environment
        • F3 Microbes and biotechnology
        • F4 Microbes and food production
      • Topic 5: Ecology and evolution >
        • 5.1 Communities and ecosystems
        • 5.2 The greenhouse effect
        • 5.3 Populations
        • 5.4 Evolution
        • 5.5 Classification
      • Option D: Evolution >
        • D1 Origin of life on Earth
        • D2 Species and speciation
        • D3 Human evolution
      • Topic 3: The chemistry of life >
        • 3.1 Chemical elements and water
        • 3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
        • 3.3 DNA structure
        • 3.4 DNA replication
        • 3.5 Transcription and translation
        • 3.6 Enzymes
        • 3.7 Cell respiration
        • 3.8 Photosynthesis
        • TO DELETE
      • Topic 4: Genetics >
        • 4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations
        • 4.2 Meiosis
        • 4.3 Theoretical genetics
        • 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology
      • Topic 6: Human health and physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion
        • 6.2 The transport system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis
        • 6.6 Reproduction
    • Tasks >
      • Databases
    • Documents
    • DP Biology Resources
    • Interesting links
  • Biología 12º
    • Bloque 1. Bioquímica
    • Bloque 2. Biología celular
    • Bloque 3. Genética y evolución
    • Bloque 4. Microbiología y biotecnología
    • Bloque 5. Inmunología
  • IB Biología NS
  • IB Chemistry HL
    • Contents >
      • Year 1 >
        • Topic 0 - Formulation
        • Topic 1 - Stoichiometric relationships
        • Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic structure
        • Topic 3 and 13 - Periodicity
        • Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical structure and bonding
        • Topic 5 and 15 - Energetics
        • Topic 10 and 20 - Organic chemistry
      • Year 2 >
        • Topic 6 and 16 - Chemical kinetics
        • Topic 7 and 17 - Equilibrium
        • Topic 8 and 18 - Acids and bases
        • Topic 9 and 19 - Redox processes
        • Topic 11 and 21 - Measurement and data processing
        • Option D - Medicinal chemistry
    • Lab work >
      • SFP Campus lab reports
      • Internal assessment structure
      • Internal Assessment examples
    • Nature of science
    • General revision
    • Selectividad
    • General information
    • Extended Essay
  • Other resources for students
    • Science Fair
    • Science essays >
      • How to Reference
    • Chemical formulation
    • Laboratory >
      • How to write a lab report
      • Microscopy
      • Excel for graphs and calculations >
        • Calculate the mean and SD
        • Drawing graphs
        • Add error bars to excel graphs
      • Lab videos!
    • Further Reading >
      • Women In Science
      • Infographics
    • Proyecto integrado
San Francisco de Paula, Science Department.
Picture
Picture
(Pfizerlife.co.uk, 2015)                                                                     (Huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu, 2013)
Preventing infectious illnesses

Infectious illnesses can present a big risk to our health. That is why is important to try to prevent them by having a healthy lifestyle and making sure that we get vaccinated against certain diseases.

  • Having a healthy lifestyle would include having a good hygiene, following a healthy diet, avoiding any drug use, including medication that is not prescribed by a doctor, getting enough rest, having regular medical check ups, etc. All these habits will boost your immune system and keep it in good shape. 

  • Vaccination consists of introducing dead, weakened or partially weakened microbes into a healthy organism so the healthy organism will produce antibodies against them. If a person gets in contact with these microbes again the organism will ‘remember’ (acquired immunity) them and produce specific defences fairly quickly which will stop the infection from happening.  
Read up on the subject here and then try this quiz, 


How to cure infectious illnesses

The most important treatments include: 

Serum therapy or serotherapy: Based on the injection of antitoxins or serum containing specific antibodies which have been produced by another person or animal to an ill patient who may need them quickly, for example in the case of having tetanus or rabies.  

Drug therapy: Based on the administration of chemical substances or medicines. These are drugs that act against microbes. The most important of those are antibiotics. 

Antibiotic
s are antimicrobial substances produced naturally or artificially which is only active against bacteria and some type of fungi. They should never be taken for a viral infection. It is also important to remember that you should not take them unless it’s necessary and prescribed by a doctor as bacteria become resistant to them, which makes them less effective or even useless. It is also important to follow the doctor’s prescription properly in terms of (with regard to) dosage and duration of the treatment in order to avoid increasing the resistance of bacteria to them.
Picture
Picture
(C-hubonline.org, 2012)                                                                                                      (Haikudeck.com, 2015)
Non-infectious diseases

Diseases that originate by other causes that are not micro-organisms. These diseases usually have more than one cause, ranging from the environment to the person´s genes and lifestyle. The most important are:

* Diseases that affect the normal functioning of systems or apparatus, such as coronary heart diseases or respiratory diseases.

*Traumatic diseases, such as sport injuries, or domestic, traffic or work accidents.

* Endocrine and metabolic diseases: these are caused by excessive or deficient secretion of a hormone or by malfunctions in the metabolic reactions within the body’s cells. Examples include some forms of obesity and diabetes.

* Deficiency diseases: a poor diet may deprive the body of some essential substances; such as anaemia (iron deficiency) or goitre (iodine deficiency).

* Psychological / mental disorders: changes in the working of the brain may lead to abnormal behavior, such as. Schizophrenia, depression, anorexia and bulimia.

* Genetic diseases which are present at birth and are caused, at least in part, by a genetic disorder (the affected person’s genes), e.g. certain types of blindness. Those diseases caused by a genetic defect that a person inherits from their parents are called hereditary diseases. Some of this type of diseases can be limited or prevented by adopting certain healthy habits.

* Cancer: It is a type of disease where a group of cells show uncontrolled and rapid division, invading and destructing other tissues, and sometimes metastasise (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood).giving rise to a mass of abnormal cells known as a tumour, that invade and kill other cells.

There are 2 types of tumours:

  • Benign tumours: which are self-limited, and do not invade or metastasise.
  • Malignant tumour or cancer: when the cells divide with no limit and extend to other organs (metastasis).

To prevent cancer, here is some advice for you to take:

            -Have healthy life habits.
            -When you reach a certain age, ensure you have regular medical check-ups
.
(Samantha, 2012)
Picture
How to prevent non-infectious illnesses.

As with infectious diseases having a healthy lifestyle will help you prevent  non-infectious diseases. Some of these are stated below:

* Do not smoke. Do not do drugs (alcohol is a drug).

* Avoid excessive sun exposure without protection.

* Have a healthy diet. 

* Have regular medical check-ups after you reach middle age.

* Regular exercise.

* Get enough rest. Avoid too much stress.

* Always follow safety instructions. 

*Avoid polluted environments.



Revise!

Check your knowledge by taking this quiz.
Task 1XX: Research diseases that are directly related to an unhealthy diet and summarise your research with in-text referencing in your NSD. 

Extension: Suggest why we need to eat.

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