San Francisco de Paula, Science Department.
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      • Units 4 and 5 - Chemical Cooking >
        • Models of the Atom
        • Electronic structure of matter.
        • Periodic table (distribution of elements).
        • Chemical formulation
        • Molecular mass
        • Moles
        • Types of reactions
        • Lavoisier's law: Balancing of equations
        • Reaction rates: Factors that affect the speed of a reaction
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        • Addictive substances and associated substances
        • Complete Unit 1
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        • Nutrition and nutrients
        • The Mediterranean diet
        • The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system >
          • Revision quizzes
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        • Gametogenesis
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        • Infertility, contraception and STDs
      • Unit 5 - Genetics >
        • DNA and genetic modification
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        • MORE ON MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
        • Mendelian genetics
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      • Unit 0 - Formulation
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      • The Atmosphere
      • Unit 3 - Mixtures and pures substances: Colligative properties
      • Unit 4 - The structure of matter
      • Unit 5 - Stoichiometry
      • Unit 6 - Redox Reactions
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        • 1.5 The origin of cells
        • 1.6 Cell division
      • Topic 2: Molecular biology >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
        • 2.8 Cell respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy flow
        • 4.3 Carbon cycling
        • 4.4 Climate change
      • C: Ecology and conservation >
        • C.1 Species and communities
        • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
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      • Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural selection
        • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
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        • 2.4 Membranes
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      • Option F: Microbes and biotechnology >
        • F1 Diversity of microbes
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      • Topic 5: Ecology and evolution >
        • 5.1 Communities and ecosystems
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        • 5.4 Evolution
        • 5.5 Classification
      • Option D: Evolution >
        • D1 Origin of life on Earth
        • D2 Species and speciation
        • D3 Human evolution
      • Topic 3: The chemistry of life >
        • 3.1 Chemical elements and water
        • 3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
        • 3.3 DNA structure
        • 3.4 DNA replication
        • 3.5 Transcription and translation
        • 3.6 Enzymes
        • 3.7 Cell respiration
        • 3.8 Photosynthesis
        • TO DELETE
      • Topic 4: Genetics >
        • 4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations
        • 4.2 Meiosis
        • 4.3 Theoretical genetics
        • 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology
      • Topic 6: Human health and physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion
        • 6.2 The transport system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis
        • 6.6 Reproduction
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    • Bloque 1. Bioquímica
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    • Bloque 4. Microbiología y biotecnología
    • Bloque 5. Inmunología
  • IB Biología NS
  • IB Chemistry HL
    • Contents >
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        • Topic 0 - Formulation
        • Topic 1 - Stoichiometric relationships
        • Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic structure
        • Topic 3 and 13 - Periodicity
        • Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical structure and bonding
        • Topic 5 and 15 - Energetics
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      • Year 2 >
        • Topic 6 and 16 - Chemical kinetics
        • Topic 7 and 17 - Equilibrium
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    • The International Baccalaureate
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    • How will I be assessed?
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  • MYP Year 6
    • Yr 6 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1: Introduction to investigation >
        • How to write Lab Reports
      • Unit 2: Living things
      • Unit 3: Classification of living things
      • Unit 4: Fungi, Protists and Bacteria
      • Unit 5: Nutrition I
    • Laboratory and Tasks
  • MYP Year 7
    • Yr 7 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • 7º PAI en español
      • Unit 1 - What do scientists do? >
        • How to write a lab report
        • SI Units
      • Unit 2 - The Earth in the Universe
      • Unit 3: How can we study living things >
        • Unit 3a - Living things
        • Unit 3b - The Diversity of Life >
          • Monera
          • Protists
          • Fungi
          • The Plant Kingdom
          • The Animal Kingdom
      • Unit 4 - Ecosystems & Biodiversity
      • Unit 5: The systems of the Earth >
        • Unit 5a - The Geosphere and the Atmosphere
        • Unit 5b - The hydrosphere and the Biosphere
      • Unit 6: Our changing home >
        • Unit 6a: Internal Geodynamics
        • Unit 6b: External Geodynamics
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 8
    • Yr8 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Units 1, 2 and 3 - Measuring Matters >
        • Unit 1 Physical quantities and Scientific Activity >
          • Converting Units
        • Unit 2 Matter and its Properties
        • Unit 3 Pure Substances and Mixtures >
          • Concentration and units (g/L, % mass)
      • Units 4 and 5 - Chemical Cooking >
        • Models of the Atom
        • Electronic structure of matter.
        • Periodic table (distribution of elements).
        • Chemical formulation
        • Molecular mass
        • Moles
        • Types of reactions
        • Lavoisier's law: Balancing of equations
        • Reaction rates: Factors that affect the speed of a reaction
      • Units 6, 7 and 8 - Move It! >
        • Unit 6 - Motion (URM)
        • Unit 6 - Motion (UARM)
        • Unit 7 - Forces and Mass
        • Unit 8 - Energy and Transformations
    • Laboratory & Tasks >
      • How to write a lab report
  • MYP Year 9
    • Yr9 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1 - General organization of the human body, health and illness >
        • Human cells: levels of organisation
        • Health and types of diseases
        • Preventing diseases
        • The Immune System
        • Transplants
        • Addictive substances and associated substances
        • Complete Unit 1
      • Unit 2 - Nutrition >
        • Nutrition and nutrients
        • The Mediterranean diet
        • The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system >
          • Revision quizzes
        • The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the excretory system
        • Nutrition Documentaries
      • Unit 3 - Interaction and Coordination >
        • The function and anatomy of the nervous system
        • The endocrine system
      • Unit 4 - The reproductive system >
        • Anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
        • Gametogenesis
        • Menstrual cycle
        • Fertilization
        • Infertility, contraception and STDs
      • Unit 5 - Genetics >
        • DNA and genetic modification
        • Cells and Inheritance
        • MORE ON MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
        • Mendelian genetics
      • Unit 6 - Evolution >
        • Evolutionary theories
        • Evolution Simulators
      • EXTRA Unit 7 - Ecology and the environment >
        • Ecology
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 10
    • Yr10 Syllabus
    • Contents >
      • Unit 0 - Formulation
      • Unit 1 - Scientific Activity
      • Unit 2 - Kinetic theory
      • The Atmosphere
      • Unit 3 - Mixtures and pures substances: Colligative properties
      • Unit 4 - The structure of matter
      • Unit 5 - Stoichiometry
      • Unit 6 - Redox Reactions
      • Unit 7 - Movement
      • Unit 8 - Forces
      • Unit 9 - Electricity
      • Unit 10 - Energy
    • Revision
    • Assessments and Lab Sessionss >
      • Assessments >
        • Criterion D - Water crisis
      • Session 1 - Paper balls
      • Sessions 2 - Properties of substances
      • Session 3 - Preparing a Schlenk tube
      • Session 4 - Gas constant
      • Session 5 - Colligative properties
      • Session 6 - Job´s method
      • Session 7 - Redox titration
      • Session 8 - UARM
      • Session 9 - Hooke´s Law
    • PISA questions
  • DP Biology SL
    • Contents >
      • Topic 1: Cell biology >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
        • 1.3 Membrane structure
        • 1.4 Membrane transport
        • 1.5 The origin of cells
        • 1.6 Cell division
      • Topic 2: Molecular biology >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
        • 2.8 Cell respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy flow
        • 4.3 Carbon cycling
        • 4.4 Climate change
      • C: Ecology and conservation >
        • C.1 Species and communities
        • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
        • C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
        • C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
      • Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural selection
        • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
    • Labs >
      • Statistical analysis
    • Previous to 2015 >
      • Topic 1: Statistical analysis
      • Topic 2: Cells >
        • 2.1 Cell theory
        • 2.2 Prokaryotic cells
        • 2.3 Eukaryotic cells
        • 2.4 Membranes
        • 2.5 Cell division
      • Option F: Microbes and biotechnology >
        • F1 Diversity of microbes
        • F2 Microbes and the environment
        • F3 Microbes and biotechnology
        • F4 Microbes and food production
      • Topic 5: Ecology and evolution >
        • 5.1 Communities and ecosystems
        • 5.2 The greenhouse effect
        • 5.3 Populations
        • 5.4 Evolution
        • 5.5 Classification
      • Option D: Evolution >
        • D1 Origin of life on Earth
        • D2 Species and speciation
        • D3 Human evolution
      • Topic 3: The chemistry of life >
        • 3.1 Chemical elements and water
        • 3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
        • 3.3 DNA structure
        • 3.4 DNA replication
        • 3.5 Transcription and translation
        • 3.6 Enzymes
        • 3.7 Cell respiration
        • 3.8 Photosynthesis
        • TO DELETE
      • Topic 4: Genetics >
        • 4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations
        • 4.2 Meiosis
        • 4.3 Theoretical genetics
        • 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology
      • Topic 6: Human health and physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion
        • 6.2 The transport system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis
        • 6.6 Reproduction
    • Tasks >
      • Databases
    • Documents
    • DP Biology Resources
    • Interesting links
  • Biología 12º
    • Bloque 1. Bioquímica
    • Bloque 2. Biología celular
    • Bloque 3. Genética y evolución
    • Bloque 4. Microbiología y biotecnología
    • Bloque 5. Inmunología
  • IB Biología NS
  • IB Chemistry HL
    • Contents >
      • Year 1 >
        • Topic 0 - Formulation
        • Topic 1 - Stoichiometric relationships
        • Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic structure
        • Topic 3 and 13 - Periodicity
        • Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical structure and bonding
        • Topic 5 and 15 - Energetics
        • Topic 10 and 20 - Organic chemistry
      • Year 2 >
        • Topic 6 and 16 - Chemical kinetics
        • Topic 7 and 17 - Equilibrium
        • Topic 8 and 18 - Acids and bases
        • Topic 9 and 19 - Redox processes
        • Topic 11 and 21 - Measurement and data processing
        • Option D - Medicinal chemistry
    • Lab work >
      • SFP Campus lab reports
      • Internal assessment structure
      • Internal Assessment examples
    • Nature of science
    • General revision
    • Selectividad
    • General information
    • Extended Essay
  • Other resources for students
    • Science Fair
    • Science essays >
      • How to Reference
    • Chemical formulation
    • Laboratory >
      • How to write a lab report
      • Microscopy
      • Excel for graphs and calculations >
        • Calculate the mean and SD
        • Drawing graphs
        • Add error bars to excel graphs
      • Lab videos!
    • Further Reading >
      • Women In Science
      • Infographics
    • Proyecto integrado
San Francisco de Paula, Science Department.
Imagen

Unit 2- Kinetic Theory

​Ideal Gases

Key concept - Relationships - How do observable properties relate to the structure of material?

Related concepts - Models and testing - How do models of scientific phenomena evolve and what importance does experimental testing have in this process?

Global concept - Scientific innovation and technology  - How has science progressed in its ability to describe the physical world?
Keywords
  • Particles
  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Kelvin
  • Boyle-Marriotte
  • Gay Lussac
  • Charles
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Volume
  • Proportional
  • Inversely proportional
  • Elastic
  • Heat 
  • Temperature
  • Kinetic

Unit 2 - ANSWERS


Pre-knowledge

Heat and temperature

HEAT: Heat is the total amount of energy possesed in a substance. 
TEMPERATURE: The temperature of a substance in kelvins indicates the average amount of kinetic energy possesed by its particles.
​Which of the these has:              a. More heat?            b. A higher temperature in K?          c. Stronger IMFs?
Picture
An iceberg
Picture
Boiling water
a: In this case, although each water molecule in the iceberg has little energy, there are many more molecules so the total energy will be higher.

b: In this question, the boiling water must have the highest temperature in kelvins as the average amount of kinetic energy is clearly enough to vaporise the water.


c: As both substances are made of water, the strength of the IMFs will be exactly the same.
​

The Kelvin scale

The Kelvin scale is also known as the "absolute" temperature scale. This is because it starts at the lowest possible temperature that we can achieve --> 0 K.

At 0 K matter has no energy and so particles would stop moving completely.

0 K is the equivalent of -273 ºC.
Extension: Why is it theoretically impossible for matter to reach 0 K?

Negative Kelvin???
Picture

Remember and revise the states of matter and the interconversion between them.
Picture
      ("Interconversion Between The States of Matter - JustScience", 2018)

2.1 Kinetic theory and Ideal Gases

What is kinetic theory? - Kinetic theory is used to describe how particles behave in the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) and why they transfer between these states. We must consider the kinetic energy posessed by particles in comparison to the IMFs that hold them together.
In the solid state particles have a low energy so the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold them tightly together in fixed positions (vibrating). Increasing the kinetic energy of particles in a solid will allow them to partially overcome intermolecular forces (IMFs) and move more freely (but still touching each other) as a liquid. As the particles gain more energy (through heating) they will eventually completely overcome the IMFs and become a gas (moving freely and in random directions).
Imagen
States of Matter
Click to Run
This topic focuses mostly on kinetic theory when applied to gases:

When dealing mathematically with gases, we must make certain assumptions so that we can treat all gases with the same equations. In reality, these assumptions work well in most conditions.

The assumptions are:
  • Particles have no intermolecular forces
  • Particles have no volume
  • All collisions are elastic (no energy is lost)
States of matter HELP --> LINK 1       LINK 2       
Task 2a: 
  1. Find a diagram of the 3 states of matter and add a description of each in your own words. (How they are arranged and how they are moving)
  2. What is the name of the 4th state of matter?
  3. Find a diagram and simple description of this state of matter.
  4. Explain in which conditions are the assumptions we make about ideal gases less accurate:
a. High temperature or low temperature?
b. High pressure (low volume) or low pressure (high volume)?


Task 2b - Don Cesar's Gas Law activity
kinetic_theory_of_matter_simulation_investigation.docx
File Size: 66 kb
File Type: docx
Download File

Picture
Boyle-Mariotte's Law
Task 2c i:
  1. ​Use the Boyle-Mariotte equipment to record the pressure at 10 different volumes.
  2. Plot a graph of the results.
  3. Explain the relationship between pressure and volume (at constant n and T) using kinetic theory.
Task 2c ii:
  1. Use a Schlenk tube, water bath, pressure sensor and LoggerPro thermometer to measure pressure with increasing temperatures.
  2. Plot a graph of the results.​
  3. Explain the relationship between pressure and temperature (at constant n and V) using kinetic theory.
Picture
Picture
Task 2c iii - 
  1. Inflate a balloon to approximately the size of 2 fists and carefully draw a black line around the circumference and measure it using a piece of string and a ruler. With the same balloon, measure the circumference in liquid nitrogen, in an ice-water bath and a warm water bath. 
  2. Represent the data in an appropriate manner.
  3. Explain the relationship between volume and temperature (at constant n and P) using kinetic theory.
Each of the tasks can be further investigated using this simulation which allows you to select constant variables:
Propiedades del gas
Click para iniciar

2.2 Ideal Gas Laws - P, V and T

To summarise the mini-investigations into P, V, T and n, there are 3 equations we must learn that represent each of the relationships we saw. Each of these relationships is between 2 variables whilst keeping the other variables constant.

To explain each relationship we must consider:
  • The number of collisions between particles and the container.
  • The force of the collisions.
​If either of these increase then the pressure will increase, and vice versa,
​
Imagen
Picture
Imagen
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The 3 equations above can be combined to give the combined gas law. There is no graph or statement as we now have 3 variables. DERIVATION
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In the equations above, the units for pressure and volume do not matter (as long as you are consistent) but temperature must always be converted to Kelvin by adding 273.

e.g. 27 degrees centigrade = 300 Kelvin

2.3 Avagadro´s Law - n

Italian scientist Amadeo Avagadro stated in 1811:

"At the same temperature and pressure, an equal number of moles of ANY GAS will occupy the same volume."

This makes sense when we consider the assumption about ideal gases that they have no volume and no IMFs. It seems logical therefore that they will occupy the same volume.
Picture
Imagen
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He also discovered that there was a directly proportional relationship between n and V (at constant T and P). As with the other directly proportional relationships, we can write a useful equation for this -->

Picture
Avagadro also discovered to "mole" and its value of 6.02 x 10^23.
Picture
Task 2d: 
  • What are the missing pieces of information in the diagram to the left?
  • Explain the Boyle Mariotte Law (below left).
  • State and explain which law is shown below (middle).
  • Explain which gas law could be applied to our breathing according to the diagram below right.
  • Which of the balloons in the diagram above (next to the painting of Avagadro) would have the highest mass?
Imagen
Picture
Picture
Extension: How does the behaviour of real gases compare to that of ideal gases? Use diagrams and words to explain your answer.
LINK 1           LINK 2           LINK 3


2.4 Ideal Gas Equation

​We can relate the number of moles to pressure, volume and temperature by introducing the gas constant, R. The value of this constant is 0.082 as long as we use specific units in the rest of the equation:
Imagen
Imagen
We may find problems that involve the calculation of a mass (g) or a molar mass (g/mol). As we know the relationship between the number of moles, mass and the molar mass is:
Picture
Picture
We can substitute this equation for n into the ideal gas equation to give one single equation: containing m and MM
Picture
Example problems using the Ideal Gas Equation: LINK
IMPORTANT NOTE: This video uses different units and a different gas constant to the ones we use in Spain!

2.5 Units and the gas laws

Boyle Mariotte, Gay-Lussac, Charles, Avagadro and Combined --> 
T = kelvins
P and V = ANY units (m3, ml, atm, torr, Pa...)
Ideal Gas Equation -->
P = atm
V = l
T = kelvins
​n = mol

Picture

How can I work with pressure in the lab?

When investigating gases, we commonly use Schlenk tubes. Here are some guides to preparing a Schlenk tube:
10C - Amaya and Lucía: LINK
10B - Paula, Ainhoa and Mar LINK
10B
- David, Paula and Antonio (below)

Extension: These questions have been taken from Selectividad chemistry exams. The answers are below each one. See if you can work them out and show why!
1.
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a. 0.858 g O2                b. 0.6 litres          c. 3,23 x 10^22
2.
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a. The container with ozone (O3)          b. The container with ozone          c. The ozone
3.
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a. Both equal             b, O2              c. CH4

Revision

Gas Law Questions
gas_law_questions.pdf
File Size: 90 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File

gas_law_answers.pdf
File Size: 73 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File

Gas Law Madness questions
gas_law_madness_questions.pdf
File Size: 149 kb
File Type: pdf
Download File

gaw_law_madness_answers.pdf
File Size: 33 kb
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Practice exam questions
practice_test_3-answers.docx
File Size: 256 kb
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practice_test_questions.docx
File Size: 92 kb
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Level 7-8 questions: LINK
Answers: LINK
Unit 2 and 3 practice exam
unit_2_and_3_practice_exam.docx
File Size: 110 kb
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unit_2_and_3_practice_exam_ans.docx
File Size: 50 kb
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References
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