San Francisco de Paula, Science Department.
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        • Unit 6a: Internal Geodynamics
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      • Units 1, 2 and 3 - Measuring Matters >
        • Unit 1 Physical quantities and Scientific Activity >
          • Converting Units
        • Unit 2 Matter and its Properties
        • Unit 3 Pure Substances and Mixtures >
          • Concentration and units (g/L, % mass)
      • Units 4 and 5 - Chemical Cooking >
        • Models of the Atom
        • Electronic structure of matter.
        • Periodic table (distribution of elements).
        • Chemical formulation
        • Molecular mass
        • Moles
        • Types of reactions
        • Lavoisier's law: Balancing of equations
        • Reaction rates: Factors that affect the speed of a reaction
      • Units 6, 7 and 8 - Move It! >
        • Unit 6 - Motion (URM)
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      • Unit 1 - General organization of the human body, health and illness >
        • Human cells: levels of organisation
        • Health and types of diseases
        • Preventing diseases
        • The Immune System
        • Transplants
        • Addictive substances and associated substances
        • Complete Unit 1
      • Unit 2 - Nutrition >
        • Nutrition and nutrients
        • The Mediterranean diet
        • The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system >
          • Revision quizzes
        • The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the excretory system
        • Nutrition Documentaries
      • Unit 3 - Interaction and Coordination >
        • The function and anatomy of the nervous system
        • The endocrine system
      • Unit 4 - The reproductive system >
        • Anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
        • Gametogenesis
        • Menstrual cycle
        • Fertilization
        • Infertility, contraception and STDs
      • Unit 5 - Genetics >
        • DNA and genetic modification
        • Cells and Inheritance
        • MORE ON MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
        • Mendelian genetics
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      • EXTRA Unit 7 - Ecology and the environment >
        • Ecology
    • Laboratory & Tasks
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    • Yr10 Syllabus
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      • Unit 0 - Formulation
      • Unit 1 - Scientific Activity
      • Unit 2 - Kinetic theory
      • The Atmosphere
      • Unit 3 - Mixtures and pures substances: Colligative properties
      • Unit 4 - The structure of matter
      • Unit 5 - Stoichiometry
      • Unit 6 - Redox Reactions
      • Unit 7 - Movement
      • Unit 8 - Forces
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    • Revision
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        • Criterion D - Water crisis
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      • Session 9 - Hooke´s Law
    • PISA questions
  • DP Biology SL
    • Contents >
      • Topic 1: Cell biology >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
        • 1.3 Membrane structure
        • 1.4 Membrane transport
        • 1.5 The origin of cells
        • 1.6 Cell division
      • Topic 2: Molecular biology >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
        • 2.8 Cell respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy flow
        • 4.3 Carbon cycling
        • 4.4 Climate change
      • C: Ecology and conservation >
        • C.1 Species and communities
        • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
        • C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
        • C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
      • Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural selection
        • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
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    • Previous to 2015 >
      • Topic 1: Statistical analysis
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        • 2.4 Membranes
        • 2.5 Cell division
      • Option F: Microbes and biotechnology >
        • F1 Diversity of microbes
        • F2 Microbes and the environment
        • F3 Microbes and biotechnology
        • F4 Microbes and food production
      • Topic 5: Ecology and evolution >
        • 5.1 Communities and ecosystems
        • 5.2 The greenhouse effect
        • 5.3 Populations
        • 5.4 Evolution
        • 5.5 Classification
      • Option D: Evolution >
        • D1 Origin of life on Earth
        • D2 Species and speciation
        • D3 Human evolution
      • Topic 3: The chemistry of life >
        • 3.1 Chemical elements and water
        • 3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
        • 3.3 DNA structure
        • 3.4 DNA replication
        • 3.5 Transcription and translation
        • 3.6 Enzymes
        • 3.7 Cell respiration
        • 3.8 Photosynthesis
        • TO DELETE
      • Topic 4: Genetics >
        • 4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations
        • 4.2 Meiosis
        • 4.3 Theoretical genetics
        • 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology
      • Topic 6: Human health and physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion
        • 6.2 The transport system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis
        • 6.6 Reproduction
    • Tasks >
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    • Bloque 1. Bioquímica
    • Bloque 2. Biología celular
    • Bloque 3. Genética y evolución
    • Bloque 4. Microbiología y biotecnología
    • Bloque 5. Inmunología
  • IB Biología NS
  • IB Chemistry HL
    • Contents >
      • Year 1 >
        • Topic 0 - Formulation
        • Topic 1 - Stoichiometric relationships
        • Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic structure
        • Topic 3 and 13 - Periodicity
        • Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical structure and bonding
        • Topic 5 and 15 - Energetics
        • Topic 10 and 20 - Organic chemistry
      • Year 2 >
        • Topic 6 and 16 - Chemical kinetics
        • Topic 7 and 17 - Equilibrium
        • Topic 8 and 18 - Acids and bases
        • Topic 9 and 19 - Redox processes
        • Topic 11 and 21 - Measurement and data processing
        • Option D - Medicinal chemistry
    • Lab work >
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    • Science essays >
      • How to Reference
    • Chemical formulation
    • Laboratory >
      • How to write a lab report
      • Microscopy
      • Excel for graphs and calculations >
        • Calculate the mean and SD
        • Drawing graphs
        • Add error bars to excel graphs
      • Lab videos!
    • Further Reading >
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    • Proyecto integrado
  • Department Home page
    • The International Baccalaureate
    • Conceptual learning
    • How will I be assessed?
    • Primary Science Club
    • Science Activities Noticeboard
  • MYP Year 6
    • Yr 6 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1: Introduction to investigation >
        • How to write Lab Reports
      • Unit 2: Living things
      • Unit 3: Classification of living things
      • Unit 4: Fungi, Protists and Bacteria
      • Unit 5: Nutrition I
    • Laboratory and Tasks
  • MYP Year 7
    • Yr 7 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • 7º PAI en español
      • Unit 1 - What do scientists do? >
        • How to write a lab report
        • SI Units
      • Unit 2 - The Earth in the Universe
      • Unit 3: How can we study living things >
        • Unit 3a - Living things
        • Unit 3b - The Diversity of Life >
          • Monera
          • Protists
          • Fungi
          • The Plant Kingdom
          • The Animal Kingdom
      • Unit 4 - Ecosystems & Biodiversity
      • Unit 5: The systems of the Earth >
        • Unit 5a - The Geosphere and the Atmosphere
        • Unit 5b - The hydrosphere and the Biosphere
      • Unit 6: Our changing home >
        • Unit 6a: Internal Geodynamics
        • Unit 6b: External Geodynamics
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 8
    • Yr8 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Units 1, 2 and 3 - Measuring Matters >
        • Unit 1 Physical quantities and Scientific Activity >
          • Converting Units
        • Unit 2 Matter and its Properties
        • Unit 3 Pure Substances and Mixtures >
          • Concentration and units (g/L, % mass)
      • Units 4 and 5 - Chemical Cooking >
        • Models of the Atom
        • Electronic structure of matter.
        • Periodic table (distribution of elements).
        • Chemical formulation
        • Molecular mass
        • Moles
        • Types of reactions
        • Lavoisier's law: Balancing of equations
        • Reaction rates: Factors that affect the speed of a reaction
      • Units 6, 7 and 8 - Move It! >
        • Unit 6 - Motion (URM)
        • Unit 6 - Motion (UARM)
        • Unit 7 - Forces and Mass
        • Unit 8 - Energy and Transformations
    • Laboratory & Tasks >
      • How to write a lab report
  • MYP Year 9
    • Yr9 Syllabus & Assessment
    • Contents >
      • Unit 1 - General organization of the human body, health and illness >
        • Human cells: levels of organisation
        • Health and types of diseases
        • Preventing diseases
        • The Immune System
        • Transplants
        • Addictive substances and associated substances
        • Complete Unit 1
      • Unit 2 - Nutrition >
        • Nutrition and nutrients
        • The Mediterranean diet
        • The anatomy and physiology of the digestive system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system >
          • Revision quizzes
        • The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system
        • The anatomy and physiology of the excretory system
        • Nutrition Documentaries
      • Unit 3 - Interaction and Coordination >
        • The function and anatomy of the nervous system
        • The endocrine system
      • Unit 4 - The reproductive system >
        • Anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.
        • Gametogenesis
        • Menstrual cycle
        • Fertilization
        • Infertility, contraception and STDs
      • Unit 5 - Genetics >
        • DNA and genetic modification
        • Cells and Inheritance
        • MORE ON MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
        • Mendelian genetics
      • Unit 6 - Evolution >
        • Evolutionary theories
        • Evolution Simulators
      • EXTRA Unit 7 - Ecology and the environment >
        • Ecology
    • Laboratory & Tasks
  • MYP Year 10
    • Yr10 Syllabus
    • Contents >
      • Unit 0 - Formulation
      • Unit 1 - Scientific Activity
      • Unit 2 - Kinetic theory
      • The Atmosphere
      • Unit 3 - Mixtures and pures substances: Colligative properties
      • Unit 4 - The structure of matter
      • Unit 5 - Stoichiometry
      • Unit 6 - Redox Reactions
      • Unit 7 - Movement
      • Unit 8 - Forces
      • Unit 9 - Electricity
      • Unit 10 - Energy
    • Revision
    • Assessments and Lab Sessionss >
      • Assessments >
        • Criterion D - Water crisis
      • Session 1 - Paper balls
      • Sessions 2 - Properties of substances
      • Session 3 - Preparing a Schlenk tube
      • Session 4 - Gas constant
      • Session 5 - Colligative properties
      • Session 6 - Job´s method
      • Session 7 - Redox titration
      • Session 8 - UARM
      • Session 9 - Hooke´s Law
    • PISA questions
  • DP Biology SL
    • Contents >
      • Topic 1: Cell biology >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells
        • 1.3 Membrane structure
        • 1.4 Membrane transport
        • 1.5 The origin of cells
        • 1.6 Cell division
      • Topic 2: Molecular biology >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA replication, transcription and translation
        • 2.8 Cell respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy flow
        • 4.3 Carbon cycling
        • 4.4 Climate change
      • C: Ecology and conservation >
        • C.1 Species and communities
        • C.2 Communities and ecosystems
        • C.3 Impacts of humans on ecosystems
        • C.4 Conservation of biodiversity
      • Topic 5: Evolution and biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural selection
        • 5.3 Classification of biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion and absorption
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction
    • Labs >
      • Statistical analysis
    • Previous to 2015 >
      • Topic 1: Statistical analysis
      • Topic 2: Cells >
        • 2.1 Cell theory
        • 2.2 Prokaryotic cells
        • 2.3 Eukaryotic cells
        • 2.4 Membranes
        • 2.5 Cell division
      • Option F: Microbes and biotechnology >
        • F1 Diversity of microbes
        • F2 Microbes and the environment
        • F3 Microbes and biotechnology
        • F4 Microbes and food production
      • Topic 5: Ecology and evolution >
        • 5.1 Communities and ecosystems
        • 5.2 The greenhouse effect
        • 5.3 Populations
        • 5.4 Evolution
        • 5.5 Classification
      • Option D: Evolution >
        • D1 Origin of life on Earth
        • D2 Species and speciation
        • D3 Human evolution
      • Topic 3: The chemistry of life >
        • 3.1 Chemical elements and water
        • 3.2 Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
        • 3.3 DNA structure
        • 3.4 DNA replication
        • 3.5 Transcription and translation
        • 3.6 Enzymes
        • 3.7 Cell respiration
        • 3.8 Photosynthesis
        • TO DELETE
      • Topic 4: Genetics >
        • 4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations
        • 4.2 Meiosis
        • 4.3 Theoretical genetics
        • 4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology
      • Topic 6: Human health and physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestion
        • 6.2 The transport system
        • 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas exchange
        • 6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis
        • 6.6 Reproduction
    • Tasks >
      • Databases
    • Documents
    • DP Biology Resources
    • Interesting links
  • Biología 12º
    • Bloque 1. Bioquímica
    • Bloque 2. Biología celular
    • Bloque 3. Genética y evolución
    • Bloque 4. Microbiología y biotecnología
    • Bloque 5. Inmunología
  • IB Biología NS
  • IB Chemistry HL
    • Contents >
      • Year 1 >
        • Topic 0 - Formulation
        • Topic 1 - Stoichiometric relationships
        • Topic 2 and 12 - Atomic structure
        • Topic 3 and 13 - Periodicity
        • Topic 4 and 14 - Chemical structure and bonding
        • Topic 5 and 15 - Energetics
        • Topic 10 and 20 - Organic chemistry
      • Year 2 >
        • Topic 6 and 16 - Chemical kinetics
        • Topic 7 and 17 - Equilibrium
        • Topic 8 and 18 - Acids and bases
        • Topic 9 and 19 - Redox processes
        • Topic 11 and 21 - Measurement and data processing
        • Option D - Medicinal chemistry
    • Lab work >
      • SFP Campus lab reports
      • Internal assessment structure
      • Internal Assessment examples
    • Nature of science
    • General revision
    • Selectividad
    • General information
    • Extended Essay
  • Other resources for students
    • Science Fair
    • Science essays >
      • How to Reference
    • Chemical formulation
    • Laboratory >
      • How to write a lab report
      • Microscopy
      • Excel for graphs and calculations >
        • Calculate the mean and SD
        • Drawing graphs
        • Add error bars to excel graphs
      • Lab videos!
    • Further Reading >
      • Women In Science
      • Infographics
    • Proyecto integrado
San Francisco de Paula, Science Department.

The human reproductive system


INTRODUCTION VIDEO
All living organisms reproduce. Reproduction is the process by which organisms generate new individuals of the same kind ensuring continuation of the species.
 
There are two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual. Humans have sexual reproduction.
 
In sexual reproduction, genetic information from two parents combines t produce a new individual. Sexual reproduction produces individuals that are different from each other.
 
The process involves a number of stages. The parents have sex organs which produce sex cells or gametes.  The male gamete is sperm and the female gamete is the egg.
Sexual reproduction is the fusion or fertilisation of the two male and female gametes to produce a fertilised egg or zygote. The fertilised egg goes on to divide many times to form a ball of cells. This grows into an embryo which eventually develops into a separate individual.
 
In humans, the organs involved in the production of the sex cells are called the gonads, the testicles in males, and the ovaries in females. Gonads also produce sex hormones.
female_reproductive_system.docx
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male_reproductive_system.docx
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Male reproductive system
​

Picture
Picture
The male reproductive system has two functions:
  • to manufacture the male gametes
  • to deliver them to the site of fertilisation
 
Testicles (or testes)
Male gonads are called testicles. These two organs are composed of numerous coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules) where we find the cells that produce the spermatocytes (precursors of sperm cells). Additionally, it is in the testicles where the male hormone, testosterone, is produced and released in the bloodstream.
 
The testes are enclosed in a sac of skin called the scrotum, which hangs outside the body between the legs. This keeps them at a temperature 2-3 ºC lower than body temperature, best for development of the sperm.
 
The sperm is transported and stored in a series of tubes until it is released from the tip of the penis. These tubes are known as the reproductive ducts:


  • Epididymis: Spermatocytes mature here becoming sperm (they are now ready for fertilisation). They now travel to the vas deferens.

  • Sperm duct or vas deferens, which carries sperm from the testes to the urethra, passing by the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland on its way out.
 

  • Urethra: Part of both the excretory and the reproductive system. This tube expels urine and seminal fluid from the body. (A valve prevents this happening at the same time!)
 
There are as well a number of glands that secrete substances that mix with the sperm to produce a fluid called semen.


  • Seminal vesicle: This gland is responsible for adding nutrients (glucose) for the sperm.

  • Prostate: Its function is to add liquids to the semen.

  • Bulbourethral gland/Cowper's gland: This gland adds a clear liquid to the urethra just before ejaculation known as the pre-ejaculate. Its function is to clean and lubricate the urethra and prepare it for the semen to pass through.
 
Penis
This is the male organ that deposits semen (containing sperm) inside a woman’s body during sexual intercourse. It contains two spongy masses of erectile tissue (the corpora cavernosa) on each side above the urethra.
Picture

Female reproductive system
​

In addition to producing female gametes, the female reproductive system receives male gametes. It provides a site for fertilization and for the development of the zygote.
Picture
Ovaries

Female gonads are called ovaries. They are two of them found in the abdominal cavity (one on each side). The ovaries contain follicles which develop the ova. Once a month an ovum is released as a reaction to different hormonal levels (see menstrual cycle).
 
The ovary also produces female sex hormones; oestrogen and progesterone
Picture
The reproductive ducts in females play a role in fertilisation and gestation:
 
Fallopian tubes (oviduct): Carries the ovum to the uterus. Fertilisation occurs in the first third of the fallopian tube.
 
Uterus (womb): This is where the fetus develops; gestation. During pregnancy the uterus increases its size from 10 cm3 to 5 dm3. The wall of the uterus has a thick muscular layer (myometrium) lined with a mucus membrane (endometrium). The uterus narrows at its bottom, the cervix (also known as the neck of the uterus, where it is connected to the vagina.

Vagina or birth canal: This is an elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that provides lubrication and sensation. The vagina receives the penis during intercourse, and also serves as a conduit for menstrual flow from the uterus. During childbirth, the vagina is the ‘way out’ for the baby.
 
Vulva: This is the external female sex organ, made of two lip-like folds of skin on each side of the vaginal opening: First the labia minora and then the labia majora. In between them is the clitoris, a sensitive organ with erectile tissue similar to that of the penis.
Some animations
The pill and the menstrual cycle
 References
Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/- [Accessed 10 May 2015].  
​
Anon, (2015). [online] Available at:  
http://U1eDEukP0fA/VJkkldS8tjI/AAAAAAAAAV8/4swpyYXpoV8/s1600/menstrual%2Bcycl e%2Bchart%2B-%2B3.jpeg [Accessed 10 May 2015].  
​
Artificialinsemination.files.wordpress.com, (2015). [online] Available at:  
https://artificialinsemination.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ovary-schematic.jpg [Accessed 10 May 2015].  

Cabrera Calero, A. & Sanz Esteban, M. (2011). Biología y geología, 3º ESO, Andalucía. San Fernando de Henares, Madrid: Oxford Educación. 

Cycles, F. (2015). Follow the Female Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles - For Dummies. [online] Dummies.com.            Available         at:        http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/followthefemaleovarian-and-menstrual-cycles.html [Accessed 10 May 2015]. 
 
Dynamisch.nu, (2015). [online] Available at:  
http://dynamisch.nu/feno/afbembryoengels/83ovary.jpg [Accessed 10 May 2015].  

Healthline.com, (2015). Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper's Gland) Anatomy, Function & Diagram | Body Maps. [online] Available at: http://www.healthline.com/humanbodymaps/bulbourethralcowpers-gland [Accessed 10 May 2015].  

Ibbio.pbworks.com, (2015). [online] Available at:
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Img.gawkerassets.com, (2015). [online] Available at:  
http://img.gawkerassets.com/img/19d5bsdvffcvtpng/ku-xlarge.png [Accessed 10 May 2015].  

Meritnation.com, (2016). Meritnation: The No.1 Education Site with Study Material & Live Classes for CBSE, ICSE, CPT, IITJEE, AIPMT & more. [online] Available at: http://www.meritnation.com/ [Accessed 5 Feb. 2016].   
Nlm.nih.gov, (2015). Sexually Transmitted Diseases: MedlinePlus. [online] Available at:  
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexuallytransmitteddiseases.html [Accessed 10 May 2015].  

Passmyexams.co.uk, (2015). Components of Blood, Cardiovascular System - Pass My Exams:   
Easy exam revision notes for GSCE Biology. [online] Available at:  
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/cardiovascular-system.html#1 [Accessed 4 May 2015].  

Passmyexams.co.uk, (2015). The Menstrual Cycle - Pass My Exams: Easy exam revision notes for GSCE Biology. [online] Available at:  
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/biology/menstrual-cycle-and-hormones.html [Accessed 10 May 2015].  

Pearltrees.com, (2015). [online] Available at:
http://www.pearltrees.com/s/pic/or/veinsarteriescapillaries-56549509 [Accessed 4 May 2015].  

Pickering, W. (2006). Complete biology for IGCSE. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press.  

Tpsbiology11student2.wikispaces.com, (2015). [online] Available at:  
http://tpsbiology11student2.wikispaces.com/file/view/bloodcomponents.jpg/186793981/bloo dcomponents.jpg [Accessed 4 May 2015].  

Urgo.co.uk, (2015). [online] Available at: 
http://www.urgo.co.uk/uploadedfiles/img/images/venous-system-big-01.jpg [Accessed 4 May 2015].   

Webmd.com, (2015). The Vagina (Human Anatomy): Picture, Parts, Function, Definition, and Problems. [online] Available at: http://www.webmd.com/women/picture-of-the-vagina [Accessed 10 May 2015].  
  
Women-info.com, (2016). [online] Available at: http://www.women-info.com/ [Accessed 5 Feb.   
2016].   


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